Citations
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Every validated value in Paxman carries provenance — the authority, specification, version, and section that vouches for it. This page is the curated, authority-grouped index of all cited provenance across the 20 shipped capabilities. Use it to audit results, write methods sections, or compare Paxman against another system.
How to read provenance in code:
result.candidates[n].provenance[0]is aProvenance(authority,specification_name,version,publication_year,reference_url,kind,lifecycle) andcandidate.validation_ruleis the section citation (e.g.Section 3.4.1-addr-spec). See Provenance for the object shape.
for c in result.candidates: p = c.provenance[0] print(f"{c.validation_rule} — {p.authority} {p.specification_name} ({p.version}), {p.reference_url}")All entries below are derived from the PUBLICATION constants and citation/name fields on each shipped rule (paxman/capabilities/<Name>/rules/*.py). No network lookup is involved — the data is baked into the installed library build and versioned via version_stamp.
At a glance — citations by authority
Section titled “At a glance — citations by authority”| Authority | Specifications | Capabilities | Rules |
|---|---|---|---|
| BIPM | SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed. (2019) | SI Unit | 6 |
| IETF | RFC 5322, RFC 6761, RFC 791, RFC 5952, RFC 3966, BCP 47 RFC 5646, RFC 5870, RFC 7946 | Email, IP, Phone, Language, Coordinates | 8 |
| IANA | IANA Language Subtag Registry (Rolling File-Date 2026-08-08); IANA Time Zone Database 2026d | Language, Timezone | 6 |
| ISO | ISO 9362:2022, ISO 27729:2024, ISO 3166-1:2020, ISO 3166-3, ISO 4217, ISO 8601:2019, ISO 8601-1:2019, ISO 2108:2017, ISO 13616-1:2020, ISO 639-1/2/5, ISO 80000-1:2022, ISO 6709:2022 | BIC, ORCID, Country, Currency, Money, Date, ISBN, IBAN, Language, SI Unit, Coordinates, UtcOffset | 22 |
| ISSN International Centre | ISO 3297:2022 | ISSN | 1 |
| ITU-T | E.164 (2010) | Phone | 2 |
| NANPA | North American Numbering Plan (NANP) (2024) | Phone | 2 |
| Unicode Consortium (CLDR) | CLDR v45, Unicode CLDR v47, CLDR Language Display Names v46 | Country, Currency, Money, Language | 6 |
| SIL International (ISO 639-3 RA) | ISO 639-3:2007 | Language | 2 |
| International ISBN Agency | ISBN Users’ Manual (2012), ISBN Range Message (2026-08-05) | ISBN | 2 |
| WHATWG | URL Standard (Living Standard) | URL | 1 |
| IEEE | IEEE Std 802-2024 | MacAddress | 1 |
| IUPAC | IUPAC Periodic Table 04 May 2022, IUPAC Red Book 2005 Ch. IR-3 | Element | 2 |
| Derived convention | US locale — MM/DD/YYYY, European locale — DD/MM/YYYY | Date | 2 |
Note on “Derived convention”: The two Date rules for
MM/DD/YYYYandDD/MM/YYYYare locale conventions rather than an external standards publication. They are included here for completeness and carrykind="convention"with noreference_url.
BIPM — Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
Section titled “BIPM — Bureau International des Poids et Mesures”Specification: SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition (2019) — https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure — kind="specification", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2019.
| Capability | Rule (validation_rule) | Citation | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|
| SI Unit | Section 2.3.1-base-units | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), Table 1 | SI Brochure |
| SI Unit | Section 2.3.2-derived-units | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), Tables 3–4 | SI Brochure |
| SI Unit | Section 4.1-non-si-units | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), Tables 8–9 | SI Brochure |
| SI Unit | Section 3.2-prefixes | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), Table 5 and §3.2 | SI Brochure |
| SI Unit | Section-names | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), Tables 1, 3–4, 8–9 (unit names) | SI Brochure |
| SI Unit | Section 3.2-split-word-prefixes | BIPM SI Brochure (9th ed., 2019), §3.2 (prefixes attached to unit names) | SI Brochure |
IETF — Internet Engineering Task Force
Section titled “IETF — Internet Engineering Task Force”| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RFC 5322 | 2008 | Section 3.4.1-addr-spec | Section 3.4.1 (addr-spec) | 2008 | https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322 | |
| RFC 6761 | 2012 | Section 6.3-localhost | Section 6.3 (localhost) | 2012 | https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6761 | |
| IP | RFC 791 | 1981 | Section 3.2-ipv4-address | Section 3.2 (internet addressing) — dotted-decimal per RFC 1123 §2.1 | 1981 | https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791 |
| IP | RFC 5952 | 2010 | Section 4-ipv6-text-representation | Section 4 (IPv6 text representation) + RFC 4291 §2.2 (mixed LS32 ::ffff:192.0.2.1) | 2010 | https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5952 |
| Phone | RFC 3966 | 2004 | Section 3-tel-uri | Section 3 (tel URI) / Section 3.1 (global numbers) | 2004 | https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3966 |
| Language | BCP 47 RFC 5646 | 2009-09 | Section 2.1-syntax | Section 2.1 (Language-Tag ABNF, well-formed only) | 2009 | https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5646.txt |
| Coordinates | RFC 5870 | 2010 | Section 3.3-geo-uri-validity | Section 3.3 (Geo URI validity) | 2010 | https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5870.txt |
| Coordinates | RFC 7946 | 2016 | Section 3.1.1-position | Section 3.1.1 (Position) | 2016 | https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7946.txt |
All IETF entries are kind="specification", lifecycle="active".
IANA — Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Section titled “IANA — Internet Assigned Numbers Authority”Specification: IANA Language Subtag Registry, Rolling File-Date 2026-08-08 — https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry — kind="registry", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2026.
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Language | Section-iana-registry | IANA Registry Type language/script/region/variant Deprecated Preferred Prefix Suppress-Script |
| Language | Section-iana-registry-private | IANA Registry private-use qaa-qtz/Qaaa-Qabx/QM-QZ/AA/XA-XZ/ZZ/x- |
| Timezone | Section zone-key-membership | zone1970.tab col 3 + backward Links + etcetera (vendored File-Date 2026d) |
| Timezone | Section link-resolution | backward Link TARGET LINK-NAME lines (vendored File-Date 2026d) |
| Timezone | Section systemv-zones | backward SystemV Zones EST5EDT/CST6CDT/MST7MDT/PST8PDT (vendored File-Date 2026d) |
| Timezone | Section abbreviation-refusal | theory.html abbreviation ambiguity (IST/CST/PST) + backward short-caps Links carve set (vendored File-Date 2026d) |
Specification for the Timezone rows: IANA Time Zone Database, release 2026d — https://www.iana.org/time-zones (membership/link/systemv) and https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html (abbreviation refusal) — kind="registry", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2026.
ISO — International Organization for Standardization
Section titled “ISO — International Organization for Standardization”Across 12 ISO publications (22 rules):
| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BIC | ISO 9362:2022 | 2022 | Section 5-bic-structure-country | Section 5 (BIC structure) | 2022 | https://www.iso.org/standard/84108.html |
| ORCID | ISO 27729:2024 | 2024-11 | Section 4-orcid-structure | Section 4 (16 chars: 15 digits + MOD 11-2 check character) | 2024 | https://www.iso.org/standard/87177.html |
| ORCID | ISO 27729:2024 | 2024-11 | Section A-mod11-2-check-character | Annex A (MOD 11-2 over the first 15 decimal digits) | 2024 | https://www.iso.org/standard/87177.html |
| Country | ISO 3166-1:2020 | 2020 | Section-alpha2-codes | ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/guest/en/ISO3166-1/RegistrationTable/Active%20country%20list.html |
| Country | ISO 3166-1:2020 | 2020 | Section-alpha3-codes | ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/guest/en/ISO3166-1/RegistrationTable/Active%20country%20list.html |
| Country | ISO 3166-1:2020 | 2020 | Section-numeric-codes | ISO 3166-1 numeric (M49) codes | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/guest/en/ISO3166-1/RegistrationTable/Active%20country%20list.html |
| Country | ISO 3166-1:2020 | 2020 | Section-names | ISO 3166-1 official English short names | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/guest/en/ISO3166-1/RegistrationTable/Active%20country%20list.html |
| Country | ISO 3166-3 | 2020 | Section-historical-names | ISO 3166-3:2020 (formerly used names) | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/standard/72484.html |
| Currency | ISO 4217 | — | Section-code | ISO 4217:2015 alpha-3 currency codes, as amended by the ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency amendment series (SIX List One, 2026-01-01) | 2015 | https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html |
| Money | ISO 4217 | — | Section-codes | ISO 4217 currency codes | 2015 | https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html |
| Date | ISO 8601 | 2019 | Section 5.2.1.1-calendar-date | Section 5.2.1.1 (calendar date) | 2019 | https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html |
| ISBN | ISO 2108:2017 | 2017 | Section 5.3-isbn13-check-digit | Section 5.3 (ISBN-13 check digit) | 2017 | https://www.iso.org/standard/65483.html |
| ISBN | ISO 2108:2017 | 2017 | Section 4.2-gs1-prefix | Section 4.2 (GS1 prefix) | 2017 | https://www.iso.org/standard/65483.html |
| IBAN | ISO 13616-1:2020 | 2020 | Section 4-iban-structure-mod97 | Section 4-5 (structure + MOD 97-10, via ISO/IEC 7064:2003) | 2020 | https://www.iso.org/standard/81090.html |
| Coordinates | ISO 6709:2022 | 2022 | Section 6-coordinate-structure | Section 6 (Coordinate structure) | 2022 | https://www.iso.org/standard/75147.html |
| Coordinates | ISO 6709:2022 | 2022 | Section Annex-h-string-expression | Annex H (String expression of a point) | 2022 | https://www.iso.org/standard/75147.html |
| Language | ISO 639-1:2002 | 2002 | Section 4-alpha-2-code | Section 4 (alpha-2 code, 184 entries) | 2002 | https://www.iso.org/standard/22109.html |
| Language | ISO 639-1:2002 | 2002 | Section-english-name-mapping | Section 4 (English language names → alpha-2) | 2002 | https://www.iso.org/standard/22109.html |
| Language | ISO 639-2:1998 | 1998 | Section 4-alpha-3-code | Section 4 (alpha-3 code, 487 entries T/B) | 1998 | https://www.iso.org/standard/4767.html |
| Language | ISO 639-5:2008 | 2008 | Section 4-collective-code | Section 4 (collective code, 115 entries) | 2008 | https://www.iso.org/standard/39536.html |
| SI Unit | ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General | 2022 | Section 6.5-compounds | ISO 80000-1:2022, §6.5 (unit symbols in products and quotients) | 2022 | https://www.iso.org/standard/76921.html |
| UtcOffset | ISO 8601-1:2019 | 2019 | Section offset-structure | ISO 8601-1:2019 Section 3 (offset representations); RFC 3339 Section 5.6 (time-numoffset +-HH:MM, Z) | 2019 | https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html |
All ISO entries are lifecycle="active". ISO 3166-1 entries are kind="registry"; ISO 3166-3, ISO 8601, ISO 2108, ISO 13616-1, ISO 639-* and ISO 80000-1 are kind="specification"; ISO 4217 is kind="specification" with version=None (the code list is maintained by the ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency — see citation).
ISSN International Centre
Section titled “ISSN International Centre”Specification: ISO 3297:2022, https://www.iso.org/standard/84536.html, kind="specification", version="2022", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2022.
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| ISSN | Section 4-issn-check-digit | Section 4 (check digit) |
ITU-T — International Telecommunication Union
Section titled “ITU-T — International Telecommunication Union”Specification: E.164, https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.164, kind="specification", version="2010", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2010.
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Phone | Section 6.1-international-number | Section 6.1 (number structure) |
| Phone | Section 6.2-country-code | Annex A (table of assigned country codes) |
NANPA — North American Numbering Plan Administrator
Section titled “NANPA — North American Numbering Plan Administrator”Specification: North American Numbering Plan (NANP), https://www.nanpa.com/, kind="registry", version="2024", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2024.
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Phone | Section 1.1-nanp-structure | NANP numbering plan structure (NPA NXX-XXXX) |
| Phone | Section 1.2-service-npa | NANPA service NPA assignment table |
Unicode Consortium — CLDR
Section titled “Unicode Consortium — CLDR”| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | CLDR v45 | 45 | Section-localized-names | CLDR v45 localized country names | 2024 | https://cldr.unicode.org/ | registry |
| Currency | Unicode CLDR | 47 | Section-symbols | CLDR v47 currency symbols | 2025 | https://cldr.unicode.org/ | specification |
| Currency | Unicode CLDR | 47 | Section-names | CLDR v47 currency display names | 2025 | https://cldr.unicode.org/ | specification |
| Money | Unicode CLDR | 47 | Section-symbols | CLDR v47 currency symbols | 2025 | https://cldr.unicode.org/ | specification |
| Money | Unicode CLDR | 47 | Section-names | CLDR v47 currency display names | 2025 | https://cldr.unicode.org/ | specification |
| Language | CLDR Language Display Names | 46 | Section-localized-names | CLDR v46 localized language display names | 2025 | https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/46/summary/root.html | registry |
Authority field in provenance is either "Unicode" (Country) or "Unicode CLDR" (Currency/Money/Language), both referring to the Unicode CLDR project. All are lifecycle="active".
SIL International (ISO 639-3 Registration Authority)
Section titled “SIL International (ISO 639-3 Registration Authority)”Specification: ISO 639-3:2007, https://www.iso.org/standard/39534.html, kind="specification", version="2007", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2007, authority="SIL International (ISO 639-3 RA)".
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Language | Section 4-comprehensive-alpha-3 | Section 4 (comprehensive alpha-3, 7000+ entries) |
| Language | Section 4-private-alpha-3 | Section 4 (private-use qaa-qtz) |
International ISBN Agency
Section titled “International ISBN Agency”| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISBN | ISBN Users’ Manual | 2012 | Section 6-isbn10-check-digit | Section 6 (ISBN-10 check digit) | 2012 | https://www.isbn-international.org/sites/default/files/ISBN%20Manual%202012%20-corr.pdf | specification |
| ISBN | ISBN Range Message | 2026-08-05 | Section 4-registrant-range | Section 4 (registrant range) | 2026 | https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation | registry |
WHATWG — Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
Section titled “WHATWG — Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group”Specification: URL Standard, Living Standard — https://url.spec.whatwg.org/, kind="specification", lifecycle="active", publication_year=2026.
| Capability | Rule | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| URL | WHATWG URL Standard | Section 4.4 (basic URL parser); RFC 3986 §3.1 / RFC 3987 §2 grammar |
IEEE — Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Section titled “IEEE — Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers”| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MacAddress | IEEE Std 802-2024 | 2024 | Section 8.2-eui-structure | Section 8.2 (Universal addresses; EUI-48/EUI-64, I/G and U/L bits) | 2024 | https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802/10894 |
All IEEE entries are kind="specification", lifecycle="active".
IUPAC — International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Section titled “IUPAC — International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry”| Capability | Specification | Version | Rule | Citation | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Element | IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements | 04 May 2022 | Section PTOE-element-registry | Table I names and symbols (118 elements, Z 1-118) | 2022 | https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/IUPAC_Periodic_Table-04May22_CRA.pdf |
| Element | IUPAC Red Book 2005, Ch. IR-3 (Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry) | 2005 | Section IR-3.1-names-and-symbols | Chapter IR-3, Table I (names and symbols) | 2005 | https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/RedBook2005.pdf |
The registry entry is kind="registry"; the Red Book entry is kind="specification"; both are lifecycle="active".
Derived conventions — Date (non-authoritative)
Section titled “Derived conventions — Date (non-authoritative)”These two Date rules carry authority="Derived convention", kind="convention" and no reference_url. They document widely-used locale conventions rather than an external specification.
| Capability | Specification | Rule | Citation | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | US locale — MM/DD/YYYY | Derived-US-date-format | Derived convention — MM/DD/YYYY (US locale, en-US) | 2023 |
| Date | European locale — DD/MM/YYYY | Derived-European-date-format | Derived convention — DD/MM/YYYY (European locale) | 2010 |
How to cite Paxman in your work
Section titled “How to cite Paxman in your work”A methods section can cite both Paxman itself and the underlying authority:
“Country names were canonicalized to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes using Paxman v0.2.0 (Paxman Library, https://github.com/nexusnv/paxman-python) with provenance ISO 3166-1:2020, Section-names (official English short names), publication year 2020.”
Include result.version_stamp.paxman_version and result.version_stamp.recognition_revision alongside provenance for full reproducibility. All provenance above is baked into the library — no runtime network access is needed to reproduce a citation.
See also
Section titled “See also”- Provenance — the
Provenanceobject shape and howvalidation_rule+ provenance form a complete citation - Execution Result — reading
candidatesandversion_stampon every status - Capabilities — per-capability guides with provenance per page
- API Reference —
Provenance,Candidate,VersionStamptype reference